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TypeBox
JSON Schema Type Builder with Static Type Resolution for TypeScript
Install
Node
$ npm install @sinclair/typebox --saveDeno
import { Static, Type } from 'https://deno.land/x/typebox/src/typebox.ts'Usage
import { Static, Type } from '@sinclair/typebox'
const T = Type.String() // const T = { "type": "string" }
type T = Static<typeof T> // type T = stringOverview
TypeBox is a type builder library that creates in-memory JSON Schema objects that can be statically resolved to TypeScript types. The schemas produced by this library are built to match the static type checking rules of the TypeScript compiler. TypeBox allows one to create a single unified type that can be both statically checked by the TypeScript compiler and runtime asserted using standard JSON schema validation.
TypeBox can be used as a simple tool to build up complex schemas or integrated into RPC or REST services to help validate JSON data received over the wire. TypeBox does not provide any JSON schema validation. Please use libraries such as AJV to validate schemas built with this library.
Requires TypeScript 4.3.5 and above.
License MIT
Contents
- Install
- Overview
- Example
- Types
- Modifiers
- Options
- Generic Types
- Reference Types
- Recursive Types
- Extended Types
- Strict
- Validation
Example
The following demonstrates TypeBox’s general usage.
import { Static, Type } from '@sinclair/typebox'
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Let's say you have the following type ...
//
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
type T = {
id: string,
name: string,
timestamp: number
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// ... you can express this type in the following way.
//
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const T = Type.Object({ // const T = {
id: Type.String(), // type: 'object',
name: Type.String(), // properties: {
timestamp: Type.Integer() // id: {
}) // type: 'string'
// },
// name: {
// type: 'string'
// },
// timestamp: {
// type: 'integer'
// }
// },
// required: [
// "id",
// "name",
// "timestamp"
// ]
// }
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// ... then infer back to the original static type this way.
//
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
type T = Static<typeof T> // type T = {
// id: string,
// name: string,
// timestamp: number
// }
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// ... then use the type both as JSON schema and as a TypeScript type.
//
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
function receive(value: T) { // ... as a Type
if(JSON.validate(T, value)) { // ... as a Schema
// ok...
}
}Types
The following table outlines the TypeBox mappings between TypeScript and JSON schema.
┌────────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────┐
│ TypeBox │ TypeScript │ JSON Schema │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Any() │ type T = any │ const T = { } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Unknown() │ type T = unknown │ const T = { } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.String() │ type T = string │ const T = { │
│ │ │ type: 'string' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Number() │ type T = number │ const T = { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Integer() │ type T = number │ const T = { │
│ │ │ type: 'integer' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Boolean() │ type T = boolean │ const T = { │
│ │ │ type: 'boolean' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Null() │ type T = null │ const T = { │
│ │ │ type: 'null' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.RegEx(/foo/) │ type T = string │ const T = { │
│ │ │ type: 'string', │
│ │ │ pattern: 'foo' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Literal(42) │ type T = 42 │ const T = { │
│ │ │ const: 42 │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Array( │ type T = number[] │ const T = { │
│ Type.Number() │ │ type: 'array', │
│ ) │ │ items: { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Object({ │ type T = { │ const T = { │
│ x: Type.Number(), │ x: number, │ type: 'object', │
│ y: Type.Number() │ y: number │ properties: { │
│ }) │ } │ x: { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ }, │
│ │ │ y: { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ }, │
│ │ │ required: ['x', 'y'] │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Tuple([ │ type T = [number, number] │ const T = { │
│ Type.Number(), │ │ type: 'array', │
│ Type.Number() │ │ items: [ │
│ ]) │ │ { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ }, { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ ], │
│ │ │ additionalItems: false, │
│ │ │ minItems: 2, │
│ │ │ maxItems: 2, │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ enum Foo { │ enum Foo { │ const T = { │
│ A, │ A, │ anyOf: [{ │
│ B │ B │ type: 'number', │
│ } │ } │ const: 0 │
│ │ │ }, { │
│ const T = Type.Enum(Foo) │ type T = Foo │ type: 'number', │
│ │ │ const: 1 │
│ │ │ }] │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.KeyOf( │ type T = keyof { │ const T = { │
│ Type.Object({ │ x: number, │ enum: ['x', 'y'], │
│ x: Type.Number(), │ y: number │ type: 'string' │
│ y: Type.Number() │ } │ } │
│ }) │ │ │
│ ) │ │ │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Union([ │ type T = string | number │ const T = { │
│ Type.String(), │ │ anyOf: [{ │
│ Type.Number() │ │ type: 'string' │
│ ]) │ │ }, { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ }] │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Intersect([ │ type T = { │ const T = { │
│ Type.Object({ │ x: number │ allOf: [{ │
│ x: Type.Number() │ } & { │ type: 'object', │
│ }), │ y: number │ properties: { │
│ Type.Object({ │ } │ a: { │
│ y: Type.Number() │ │ type: 'number' │
│ }) │ │ } │
│ }) │ │ }, │
│ │ │ required: ['a'] │
│ │ │ }, { │
│ │ │ type: 'object', │
│ │ │ properties: { │
│ │ │ b: { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ }, │
│ │ │ required: ['b'] │
│ │ │ }] │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Record( │ type T = { │ const T = { │
│ Type.String(), │ [key: string]: number │ type: 'object', │
│ Type.Number() │ } │ patternProperties: { │
│ ) │ │ '^.*$': { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Partial( │ type T = Partial<{ │ const T = { │
│ Type.Object({ │ x: number, │ type: 'object', │
│ x: Type.Number(), │ y: number │ properties: { │
│ y: Type.Number() | }> │ x: { │
│ }) │ │ type: 'number' │
│ ) │ │ }, │
│ │ │ y: { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Required( │ type T = Required<{ │ const T = { │
│ Type.Object({ │ x?: number, │ type: 'object', │
│ x: Type.Optional( │ y?: number │ properties: { │
│ Type.Number() | }> │ x: { │
│ ), │ │ type: 'number' │
│ y: Type.Optional( │ │ }, │
│ Type.Number() │ │ y: { │
│ ) │ │ type: 'number' │
│ }) │ │ } │
│ ) │ │ } │
│ │ │ required: ['x', 'y'] │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Pick( │ type T = Pick<{ │ const T = { │
│ Type.Object({ │ x: number, │ type: 'object', │
│ x: Type.Number(), │ y: number │ properties: { │
│ y: Type.Number(), | }, 'x'> │ x: { │
│ }), ['x'] │ │ type: 'number' │
│ ) │ │ } │
│ │ │ }, │
│ │ │ required: ['x'] │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Omit( │ type T = Omit<{ │ const T = { │
│ Type.Object({ │ x: number, │ type: 'object', │
│ x: Type.Number(), │ y: number │ properties: { │
│ y: Type.Number(), | }, 'x'> │ y: { │
│ }), ['x'] │ │ type: 'number' │
│ ) │ │ } │
│ │ │ }, │
│ │ │ required: ['y'] │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
└────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────┘Modifiers
TypeBox provides modifiers that can be applied to an objects properties. This allows for optional and readonly to be applied to that property. The following table illustates how they map between TypeScript and JSON Schema.
┌────────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────┐
│ TypeBox │ TypeScript │ JSON Schema │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Object({ │ type T = { │ const T = { │
│ name: Type.Optional( │ name?: string, │ type: 'object', │
│ Type.String(), │ } │ properties: { │
│ ) │ │ name: { │
│ }) │ │ type: 'string' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Object({ │ type T = { │ const T = { │
│ name: Type.Readonly( │ readonly name: string, │ type: 'object', │
│ Type.String(), │ } │ properties: { │
│ ) │ │ name: { │
│ }) │ │ type: 'string' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ }, │
│ │ │ required: ['name'] │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Object({ │ type T = { │ const T = { │
│ name: Type.ReadonlyOptional( │ readonly name?: string, │ type: 'object', │
│ Type.String(), │ } │ properties: { │
│ ) │ │ name: { │
│ }) │ │ type: 'string' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
└────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────┘Options
You can pass additional JSON schema properties on the last argument of any given type. The following are some examples.
// string must be an email
const T = Type.String({ format: 'email' })
// number must be a multiple of 2
const T = Type.Number({ multipleOf: 2 })
// array must have at least 5 integer values
const T = Type.Array(Type.Integer(), { minItems: 5 })Generic Types
TypeBox supports Generic Types. The following creates a Generic Type Nullable<T>.
import { Type, Static, TSchema } from '@sinclair/typebox'
function Nullable<T extends TSchema>(t: T) {
return Type.Union([t, Type.Null()])
}
const T = Nullable(Type.String()) // const T = {
// "anyOf": [{
// type: 'string'
// }, {
// type: 'null'
// }]
// }
type T = Static<typeof T> // type T = string | null
const U = Nullable(Type.Number()) // const U = {
// "anyOf": [{
// type: 'number'
// }, {
// type: 'null'
// }]
// }
type U = Static<typeof U> // type U = number | nullReference Types
Reference Types can be used to reduce schema duplication. TypeBox provides support for referencing with the Type.Ref(...) and Type.Box(...) functions. The Type.Ref(...) function references into an existing type and Type.Box(...) provides a container for multiple referenceable types. To reference a type you must specify an $id on the target type being referenced. The following example shows referencing an existing string type.
const T = Type.String({ $id: 'T' }) // const T = {
// $id: 'T',
// type: 'string'
// }
const R = Type.Ref(T) // const R = {
// $ref: 'T'
// }The Type.Box(...) function provides a way to group related types under a common namespace. The following example groups a set of related Vector types under the namespace Math3D which are later referenced in the Vertex structure below.
const Math3D = Type.Box({ // const Math3D = {
Vector4: Type.Object({ // $id: 'Math3D',
x: Type.Number(), // definitions: {
y: Type.Number(), // Vector4: {
z: Type.Number(), // type: 'object',
w: Type.Number() // properties: {
}), // x: { type: 'number' },
Vector3: Type.Object({ // y: { type: 'number' },
x: Type.Number(), // z: { type: 'number' },
y: Type.Number(), // w: { type: 'number' }
z: Type.Number() // },
}), // required: ['x', 'y', 'z', 'w']
Vector2: Type.Object({ // },
x: Type.Number(), // Vector3: {
y: Type.Number() // type: 'object',
}) // properties: {
}, { $id: 'Math3D' }) // x: { 'type': 'number' },
// y: { 'type': 'number' },
// z: { 'type': 'number' }
// },
// required: ['x', 'y', 'z']
// },
// Vector2: {
// type: 'object',
// properties: {
// x: { 'type': 'number' },
// y: { 'type': 'number' },
// },
// required: ['x', 'y']
// }
// }
// }
const Vertex = Type.Object({ // const Vertex = {
position: Type.Ref(Math3D, 'Vector4'), // type: 'object',
normal: Type.Ref(Math3D, 'Vector3'), // properties: {
uv: Type.Ref(Math3D, 'Vector2') // position: { $ref: 'Math3D#/definitions/Vector4' },
}) // normal: { $ref: 'Math3D#/definitions/Vector3' },
// uv: { $ref: 'Math3D#/definitions/Vector2' }
// },
// required: ['position', 'normal', 'uv']
// }Recursive Types
TypeBox provides support for creating recursive schemas. This is handled with the Type.Rec(...) function. The following will create a Node type that contains an array of inner Nodes. Note that due to current restrictions on TypeScript recursive inference, it’s currently not possible for TypeBox to statically infer for recursive types. Instead TypeBox will resolve inner recursive types as any.
const Node = Type.Rec(Self => Type.Object({ // const Node = {
id: Type.String(), // $id: 'Node',
nodes: Type.Array(Self), // $ref: 'Node#/definitions/self',
}), { $id: 'Node' }) // definitions: {
// self: {
// type: 'object',
// properties: {
// id: {
// type: 'string'
// },
// nodes: {
// type: 'array',
// items: {
// $ref: 'Node#/definitions/self'
// }
// }
// }
// }
// }
type Node = Static<typeof Node> // type Node = {
// id: string
// nodes: any[]
//
function visit(node: Node) {
for(const inner of node.nodes) {
visit(inner as Node) // Assert inner as Node
}
}Extended Types
In addition to JSON schema types, TypeBox provides several extended types that allow for function and constructor types to be composed. These additional types are not valid JSON Schema and will not validate using typical JSON Schema validation. However, these types can be used to frame JSON schema and describe callable interfaces that may receive JSON validated data. These types are as follows.
┌────────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────┐
│ TypeBox │ TypeScript │ Extended Schema │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Constructor([ │ type T = new ( │ const T = { │
│ Type.String(), │ arg0: string, │ type: 'constructor' │
│ Type.Number(), │ arg1: number │ arguments: [{ │
│ ], Type.Boolean()) │ ) => boolean │ type: 'string' │
│ │ │ }, { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ }], │
│ │ │ returns: { │
│ │ │ type: 'boolean' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Function([ │ type T = ( │ const T = { │
| Type.String(), │ arg0: string, │ type : 'function', │
│ Type.Number(), │ arg1: number │ arguments: [{ │
│ ], Type.Boolean()) │ ) => boolean │ type: 'string' │
│ │ │ }, { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ }], │
│ │ │ returns: { │
│ │ │ type: 'boolean' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Promise( │ type T = Promise<string> │ const T = { │
│ Type.String() │ │ type: 'promise', │
│ ) │ │ item: { │
│ │ │ type: 'string' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Undefined() │ type T = undefined │ const T = { │
│ │ │ type: 'undefined' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Void() │ type T = void │ const T = { │
│ │ │ type: 'void' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
└────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────┘Strict
TypeBox includes the properties kind and modifier on each underlying schema. These properties are used to help TypeBox statically resolve the schemas to the appropriate TypeScript type as well as apply the appropriate modifiers to an objects properties (such as optional). These properties are not strictly valid JSON schema so in some cases it may be desirable to omit them. TypeBox provides a Type.Strict() function that will omit these properties if nessasary.
const T = Type.Object({ // const T = {
name: Type.Optional(Type.String()) // kind: Symbol(ObjectKind),
}) // type: 'object',
// properties: {
// name: {
// kind: Symbol(StringKind),
// type: 'string',
// modifier: Symbol(OptionalModifier)
// }
// }
// }
const U = Type.Strict(T) // const U = {
// type: 'object',
// properties: {
// name: {
// type: 'string'
// }
// }
// }Validation
TypeBox does not provide JSON schema validation out of the box and expects users to select an appropriate JSON schema validation library for their needs. TypeBox schemas should match JSON Schema draft 2019-09 so any library capable of draft 2019-09 should be fine. A good library to use for validation is Ajv. The following example shows setting up Ajv 7 to work with TypeBox.
$ npm install ajv ajv-formats --save//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Import the 2019 compliant validator from AJV
//
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
import { Type } from '@sinclair/typebox'
import addFormats from 'ajv-formats'
import Ajv from 'ajv/dist/2019'
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Setup AJV validator with the following options and formats
//
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const ajv = addFormats(new Ajv({}), [
'date-time',
'time',
'date',
'email',
'hostname',
'ipv4',
'ipv6',
'uri',
'uri-reference',
'uuid',
'uri-template',
'json-pointer',
'relative-json-pointer',
'regex'
]).addKeyword('kind')
.addKeyword('modifier')
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Create a TypeBox type
//
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const User = Type.Object({
id: Type.String({ format: 'uuid' }),
email: Type.String({ format: 'email' }),
online: Type.Boolean(),
}, { additionalProperties: false })
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Validate Data
//
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const ok = ajv.validate(User, {
id: '68b4b1d8-0db6-468d-b551-02069a692044',
email: 'dave@domain.com',
online: true
}) // -> okReference Types
Reference Types can be added to AJV with the ajv.addSchema(...) function. The following moves the id and email types above into a common box and registers it with the validator.
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Common Types
//
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const Common = Type.Box({
UserId: Type.String({ format: 'uuid' }),
Email: Type.String({ format: 'email' })
}, { $id: 'Common' })
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Setup AJV validator with the following options and formats
//
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const ajv = addFormats(new Ajv({}), [...])
.addKeyword('kind')
.addKeyword('modifier')
.addSchema(Common) // <-- Register Common Types
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Create a TypeBox type
//
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const User = Type.Object({
id: Type.Ref(Common, 'UserId'),
email: Type.Ref(Common, 'Email'),
online: Type.Boolean()
}, { additionalProperties: false })
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Validate Data
//
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const ok = ajv.validate(User, {
id: '68b4b1d8-0db6-468d-b551-02069a692044',
email: 'dave@domain.com',
online: true
}) // -> ok
For more information on AJV, refer to the website located here.